'Be' Verbs

'Be' Verbs

A verb shows action or a state of being.

I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.

"Be" verbs indicate a state of being.
Verbs must match subjects.

• I am a doctor.
• He is sleepy.
• We are here.

Negative sentences need ‘not' after the verb.

• I am not a doctor.
• He is not sleepy.
• We are not there.

The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.

• Am I a doctor?
• Is he sleepy?
• Are we there?

"Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).

• He isn't sleepy.
• We aren't there.

Remember the variations of "be" verbs:

Present	Negative	Interrogative
I am	I am not	Am I?
You are	You are not (aren't)	Are you?
He is	He is not (isn't)	Is he?
She is	She is not (isn't)	Is she?
It is	It is not (isn't)	Isn't it?
We are	We are not (aren't)	Are we?
You are	You are not (aren't)	Are you?
They are	They are not (aren't)	Are they?

[Quiz 5.1]

Which of the following sentences are written correctly?

1) I am thirsty.
2) You are kind.
3) He am not sad.
4) She are not tall.
5) It is not moving.
6) We aren't tired.
7) Is they running?
8) Are you ready?

Pronouns

A pronoun takes the place of a noun.

Example story:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

If the story above is written using pronouns:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. 

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to a person:

• I go to school.
• You are a student.
• They are Koreans.
• He works here.
• We gave her food.

The word ‘it' refers to an object:

• I drank it.
• It is big.
• They cut it into halves.

Memorize the personal pronouns:

		Singular Subject	Singular Object	Singular Reflexive	Plural Subject	Plural Object	Plural Reflexive
First		I	me	myself	we	us	ourselves
Second		you	you	yourself	you	you	yourselves
Third	Male	he	him	himself	they	them	themselves
Third	Female	she	her	herself	they	them	themselves
Third	Neutral	it	it	itself	they	them	themselves

[Quiz 4.1]

Write the correct pronoun in each blank.

1) I ate an apple.                     was delicious.
2) You look tired.                     should rest.
3) She is a teacher. I gave                    a book.
4) They are my friends. I like                     very much.
5) He saw the movie.                     was fun.

Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

• bottle – bottles
• cup – cups
• pencil – pencils
• desk – desks
• sticker – stickers
• window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

• box – boxes
• watch – watches
• moss – mosses
• bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

• wolf – wolves
• wife – wives
• leaf – leaves
• life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

• child – children
• woman – women
• man – men
• mouse – mice
• goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

• baby – babies
• toy – toys
• kidney – kidneys
• potato – potatoes
• memo – memos
• stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

• sheep – sheep
• deer – deer
• series – series
• species – species

[Quiz 1.1]

Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5) A few men wear (watch, watches).
6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

Narrative,Wolf-wolf!,text and questions

Wolf! Wolf!       In the forest which was near a village in India, there were many wolves and other animals.     The wolves often came out of the forest and killed the sheep in the field.    The men who lived in the village tried to kill all the wolves. Whenever they heard that     there was  a wolf in the fields they came to the place to kill it.    Now one of the shepherds was only a boy. This boy, who was rather lazy, liked to waste     as much time as he could. He gave his master and the village people much trouble.    One day he suddenly shouted, "Wolf! Wolf!" several times.    When the men heard  the boy's shouts they left their work and ran into the field with sticks     and knives.   "Where is the wolf which is troubling your sheep?" they asked.    But the bad boy only laughed and said, "There is no wolf, you are just wasting your time."    He thought this an excellent game, so he played it several times.    Finally the villagers said, "We  won't go any more."    One day they heard the boy cry "Wolf! Wolf! a wolf is eating my sheep," but they did not     leave their work to go and save the sheep.    They said, "We don't believe him. It is only another of his games."    This time, however, the boy was telling the truth    There really was a wolf and the wolf killed all his sheep.

EXERCISES

Answer these questions:

1.   Where do we generally finds wolves?

2.   What do wolves do to sheep?

3.   What did the boy-shepherd like to do?

4.   Why did the people of the village not like the boy?

5.   What did the men do whenever they heard that there was a wolf in the field?

6.   What did they take with them?

7.   What did the boy do when the men came to help him?

8.   What did the men say in the end?

9.   Why did the men not help the boy when he called them?

10. What di the wolf do to his sheep?

EXERCISES

Are you agree or disagree?

1.   I am a hundred years old.
2.   Mice kill cats.
3.   A couch is longer than a chair.
4.   Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
5.   Chess is an easy game to learn.
6.   We keep our handkerchiefs in our pockets.
7.   12 A.M. is midnight.
8.   We play football with eggs.
9.   Girls are cleverer tha boys.
10. Our tongues are generally yellow.
11. Autumn comes between Summer and Winter.
12. A boy who waste his time is an excellent pupil.