Action Verbs

Action Verbs

Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.

Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects.

• He eats bread.
• She walks to the station.
• It floats on the sea.

Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.

• I do not eat bread.
• He does not eat bread.
• You did not walk to the station.
• It does not float on the sea.

Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did.

• Do you eat bread?
• Does he eat bread?
• Does she walk to the station?
• Did they finish it?

Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.

• I don't eat bread.
• She doesn't walk to the station.
• It doesn't float on the sea.
• They didn't finish it.

Remember the variations of action verbs:

Affirmative Sentence	Negative Sentence	Interrogative Sentence
I sing a song.	I do not (don't) sing a song.	Do I sing a song?
You sing a song.	You do not (don't) sing a song.	Do you sing a song?
He (she) sings a song.	He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a song.	Does he (she) sing a song?
We sing a song.	We do not (don't) sing a song.	Do we sing a song?
They sang a song.	They did not (didn't) sing a song.	Did they sing a song?

[Quiz 6.1]

Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is.

1) I runs a marathon.
2) You look sleepy.
3) She do not dance.
4) Does you leave today?
5) We don't stay here.
6) It come with rice.

'Be' Verbs

'Be' Verbs

A verb shows action or a state of being.

I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.

"Be" verbs indicate a state of being.
Verbs must match subjects.

• I am a doctor.
• He is sleepy.
• We are here.

Negative sentences need ‘not' after the verb.

• I am not a doctor.
• He is not sleepy.
• We are not there.

The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.

• Am I a doctor?
• Is he sleepy?
• Are we there?

"Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).

• He isn't sleepy.
• We aren't there.

Remember the variations of "be" verbs:

Present	Negative	Interrogative
I am	I am not	Am I?
You are	You are not (aren't)	Are you?
He is	He is not (isn't)	Is he?
She is	She is not (isn't)	Is she?
It is	It is not (isn't)	Isn't it?
We are	We are not (aren't)	Are we?
You are	You are not (aren't)	Are you?
They are	They are not (aren't)	Are they?

[Quiz 5.1]

Which of the following sentences are written correctly?

1) I am thirsty.
2) You are kind.
3) He am not sad.
4) She are not tall.
5) It is not moving.
6) We aren't tired.
7) Is they running?
8) Are you ready?

Pronouns

A pronoun takes the place of a noun.

Example story:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

If the story above is written using pronouns:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. 

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to a person:

• I go to school.
• You are a student.
• They are Koreans.
• He works here.
• We gave her food.

The word ‘it' refers to an object:

• I drank it.
• It is big.
• They cut it into halves.

Memorize the personal pronouns:

		Singular Subject	Singular Object	Singular Reflexive	Plural Subject	Plural Object	Plural Reflexive
First		I	me	myself	we	us	ourselves
Second		you	you	yourself	you	you	yourselves
Third	Male	he	him	himself	they	them	themselves
Third	Female	she	her	herself	they	them	themselves
Third	Neutral	it	it	itself	they	them	themselves

[Quiz 4.1]

Write the correct pronoun in each blank.

1) I ate an apple.                     was delicious.
2) You look tired.                     should rest.
3) She is a teacher. I gave                    a book.
4) They are my friends. I like                     very much.
5) He saw the movie.                     was fun.

Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

• bottle – bottles
• cup – cups
• pencil – pencils
• desk – desks
• sticker – stickers
• window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

• box – boxes
• watch – watches
• moss – mosses
• bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

• wolf – wolves
• wife – wives
• leaf – leaves
• life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

• child – children
• woman – women
• man – men
• mouse – mice
• goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

• baby – babies
• toy – toys
• kidney – kidneys
• potato – potatoes
• memo – memos
• stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

• sheep – sheep
• deer – deer
• series – series
• species – species

[Quiz 1.1]

Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5) A few men wear (watch, watches).
6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.